How Effective is Red Light Therapy for Wrinkles?
Red light therapy is effective in reducing wrinkles, but how effective is it compared to the alternative treatments?
In this article, we look at how effective red light therapy is for wrinkles compared to radiofrequency therapy, botox injections, dermal fillers, laser resurfacing, chemical peels, electroacupuncture, microdermabrasion, retinoids, and facial exercises.
Effectiveness of Red Light Therapy for Wrinkles, According to Science
Red light therapy can eliminate or at least reduce wrinkles with no side effects or downtime.
Red light therapy has multiple benefits that happen alongside wrinkle reduction. While you’re reducing the size and number of your wrinkles, the light is also giving you skin tightening, reduced sagging, and rejuvenation.
The scientifically proven benefits of red light therapy for wrinkles include:
- SPF-15 sunscreen level of UV protection
- collagen production without wounds (as compared to microdermabrasion and chemical peels)
- tighter skin from new collagen
- reduced sagging from new elastin
- reduced blood vessel overgrowth
- reduced inflammation
- reduced redness
- increased blood flow to nourish tissue health
| Scientific Studies Using Red Light Therapy to Reduce Wrinkles | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Wavelength | Treatment | Results |
| 2017 | 660 nm or 411-777 white | Daily for 12 weeks | Significant drop in wrinkle volume |
| 2023 | 660 nm red or 690 nm amber | Skin types II – IV, 10 sessions over 4 weeks | 29% amber and 31% red wrinkle reduction |
| 2017 | Radiofrequency, Electroacupuncture and Red Light Therapy Compared | 30 women aged 30-55; 10 in each group; two 15 minute treatments daily for six weeks. | Under eye wrinkles reduced 21.5% and 20.4% (left and right eye). Eye rim wrinkles reduced 13.1% and 14.2%. |
Red LED Wipes Out Wrinkles
A 2017 study tested the effects of red light LED therapy at 660 nm and white light on facial wrinkles[ii]. The study was randomized and double-blinded, protecting the results from bias.
52 women received either red or white light LED exposure every day for 12 weeks.
Independent raters compared pictures of the women’s faces from the study start and then from the end of the 12th week.
The red and the white light produced a significant reduction in wrinkle volume.
The red light performed better than the white, and there were no side effects.
30% Wrinkle Volume Decrease in 4 Weeks
A 2023 study tested amber and red light for wrinkle reduction[iii].
There were 137 women in this study who were between 40 and 65 years old.
They received 10 red light therapy sessions over 4 weeks.
On one side of the face, they received a 660 nm red light.
On the other side of the face, they received 590 nm amber (yellow) light.
Using an objective measurement scale, researchers found that the red light corresponded to a 31.6% reduction in total wrinkle volume.
The amber light produced a 29.9% reduction in wrinkles.
On two self-reporting “quality of life scales,” the women reported significantly higher scores.
This study shows that red and amber light are almost equally good at reducing wrinkles at the rate of 30% in just 4 weeks.
How Does Red Light Therapy Reduce Wrinkles?
The scientifically proven benefits of red light therapy for wrinkle reduction include:
- SPF-15 sunscreen level of UV protection
- collagen production without wounds (as compared to microdermabrasion and chemical peels)
- tighter skin from new collagen
- reduced sagging from new elastin
- reduced blood vessel overgrowth
- reduced inflammation
- reduced redness
- increased blood flow to nourish tissue health
Red light therapy helps with many issues, from pain relief to wrinkles. Learn about the science of red light therapy in my article What Everyone Should Know About Red Light Therapy
What Are Wrinkles?
Wrinkles are lines and folds in the skin in response to stressors such as ultraviolet light, smoking, and pollution. Red light therapy is the use of low-energy visible and infrared light to trigger healthy responses.
Wrinkles are skin lines, creases, and folds. They are the accumulation of damage over time. Damage is caused by sun exposure, aging, genetics, and habitual facial expressions.
Wrinkles can appear on the face, the neck, and the hands.
Collagen and elastin are two important proteins that play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and elasticity of the skin. Collagen provides strength and support to the skin, while elastin allows it to stretch and snap back into place.
As we age, the production of collagen and elastin in the skin decreases, leading to a loss of firmness and elasticity. This can result in the formation of wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging skin.
Collagen fibers provide the framework for the skin’s structure, while elastin fibers allow the skin to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. As these fibers break down over time, the skin becomes less able to maintain its shape and support, leading to the formation of wrinkles.
Learn more about collagen and elastin in my article: 12 Times that Science Reversed Wrinkles for Good
Furthermore, collagen and elastin can also be damaged by external factors such as exposure to UV radiation, pollution, and smoking, which can accelerate the aging process and contribute to the development of wrinkles.
Psychological Effects of Wrinkles and Aging Skin
Wrinkles are a constant reminder of lost youth and attractiveness[i].
Aging bodies lose strength, feel more pain, and gain new wrinkles. The changes in skin can lead to fear of rejection; that far can lead to loneliness, depression, sadness, and self-isolation.
The fact that so many people get plastic surgery to remove wrinkles is a testament to how disturbing some people find them.
Do you want to know my favorite red light for wrinkle reduction? Go to my article Is the MitoPRO 300 the Best Red Light Therapy for Wrinkles?
Wrinkle Causes and Symptoms
Our mental and physical health, and the health of our environment, affect wrinkle formation. Everything from sunshine to worrying causes skin folds and worry lines.
Here are just the most common external causes of wrinkle formation.
Sun Exposure
Sun exposure can cause wrinkles in several ways. Firstly, when your skin is exposed to the sun’s harmful UV rays, it triggers a process called photoaging, which breaks down collagen and elastin fibers in your skin. These fibers are responsible for keeping your skin firm and supple, so when they break down, your skin loses its elasticity, leading to wrinkles.
Additionally, UV rays can cause oxidative stress in your skin cells, which can damage DNA and lead to the production of free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage your skin cells and contribute to the aging process. Over time, cumulative damage from UV exposure can result in the development of wrinkles, fine lines, and other signs of aging.
Smoking
Smoking can cause wrinkles in several ways. Firstly, smoking decreases blood flow to your skin, which can deprive your skin of essential nutrients and oxygen. This can result in your skin looking dull, dry, and discolored.
Additionally, smoking damages collagen and elastin fibers in your skin. These fibers are responsible for keeping your skin firm and elastic, so when they break down, your skin loses its elasticity, leading to wrinkles.
Smoking also produces free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage your skin cells and contribute to the aging process. Over time, the cumulative damage from smoking can result in the development of wrinkles, fine lines, and other signs of aging.
Furthermore, smoking causes facial expressions that involve puckering of the lips and squinting of the eyes, which can contribute to the development of wrinkles around the mouth and eyes.
Medications
Some medications can cause wrinkles as a side effect.
One of the most common types of medications that can contribute to the development of wrinkles are corticosteroids, which are often used to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and skin disorders. These medications can cause the breakdown of collagen and elastin fibers in the skin, which can lead to the development of wrinkles.
Additionally, some medications can cause dryness and dehydration of the skin, which can also contribute to the formation of wrinkles. Certain acne medications, for example, can cause dryness and peeling of the skin, which can make wrinkles more noticeable.
Other medications that can contribute to the development of wrinkles include those that cause photosensitivity or increase the risk of sunburn. These medications can make your skin more vulnerable to the damaging effects of the sun’s UV rays, which can accelerate the aging process and increase the likelihood of developing wrinkles and other signs of aging.
Dehydration
Dehydration can contribute to the development of wrinkles in several ways. When your body is dehydrated, it can lead to a decrease in skin elasticity and plumpness, which can make wrinkles more noticeable. This is because when you are dehydrated, your skin is not able to retain moisture as effectively, which can cause it to appear dry, dull, and wrinkled.
Additionally, dehydration can lead to a decrease in collagen production, which is essential for keeping your skin firm and elastic. When collagen production decreases, your skin can become thinner and more prone to wrinkles and fine lines.
Dehydration can also make your skin more vulnerable to damage from environmental factors such as the sun and pollution. This is because when your skin is dehydrated, it is less able to protect itself from these external stressors, which can contribute to the development of wrinkles and other signs of aging.
Environment
The environment can contribute to wrinkles in several ways.
Exposure to pollutants, such as smog and cigarette smoke, can cause oxidative stress in your skin cells, which can damage DNA.
UV radiation from the sun is another environmental factor that can contribute to the development of wrinkles. UV rays can cause photoaging, a process that breaks down collagen and elastin fibers in your skin, leading to loss of elasticity and the formation of wrinkles. Repeated exposure to the sun without adequate protection, such as sunscreen and protective clothing, can accelerate the aging process and increase the likelihood of developing wrinkles and other signs of aging.
Additionally, environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can affect the hydration levels of your skin. Cold and dry air can cause dehydration of the skin, while hot and humid weather can cause excess oil production, leading to clogged pores and acne.
These factors can make wrinkles more noticeable and contribute to the development of other skin concerns.
Genetics
Genetics can contribute to wrinkles in several ways.
The amount and quality of collagen and elastin fibers in your skin, which are essential for maintaining its elasticity and firmness, are largely determined by your genes.
If your genes dictate that your skin produces less collagen and elastin, or if the quality of these fibers is lower, your skin may be more prone to developing wrinkles and other signs of aging.
Additionally, genetic factors can affect the natural aging process of your skin. Some people may experience a more rapid breakdown of collagen and elastin fibers, leading to the development of wrinkles at an earlier age. Others may have a slower rate of collagen breakdown, resulting in a more gradual development of wrinkles.
Genetic factors can also affect how your skin responds to environmental stressors, such as UV radiation and pollution.
Some people may have genes that make their skin more susceptible to damage from these factors, leading to an increased likelihood of developing wrinkles and other signs of aging.
Repetitive Facial Expressions
Repetitive facial expressions can contribute to wrinkles by causing creases and lines to form in the skin over time.
When you make the same facial expressions repeatedly, such as frowning, squinting, or raising your eyebrows, it can cause the muscles beneath the skin to contract and create tension on the skin above.
Over time, this repeated tension can lead to the formation of permanent lines and wrinkles in the skin.
For example, frequent frowning can cause the muscles between the eyebrows to contract, leading to the development of “frown lines” or “11 lines” over time. Similarly, squinting can cause lines around the eyes, often referred to as “crow’s feet.”
The impact of repetitive facial expressions on wrinkles can be influenced by factors such as genetics and lifestyle habits.
For example, people with a genetic predisposition to thinner skin or decreased collagen production may be more susceptible to wrinkles caused by repetitive facial expressions.
Wrinkle Treatment Options (How Effective is Red Light Therapy for Wrinkles?)
Wrinkle treatment options include:
- red light therapy
- radiofrequency
- Botox injections
- dermal fillers
- laser resurfacing
- chemical peels
- microdermabrasion
- electroacupuncture
- retinoids
- facial exercises
Introduction to Red Light Therapy for Wrinkle Reduction
Red light therapy is the low-energy delivery of visible and infrared light to create healthy changes. You can get red light therapy at spas and salons, or buy a device for at-home use.
The color light you use depends on how the condition responds. Wrinkles respond well to green, yellow, red, and infrared light.
We call it “red light therapy,” but really any visible color and invisible infrared all fall under the “red light therapy” umbrella.
Red light therapy has been tested scientifically since it was discovered in 1967. Over 9,000 papers on its use demonstrate that it is safe, effective, and has the absolute minimum of side effects.
Red light therapy is also amazing for hyperpigmentation. Learn more in my article Is Red Light Therapy Perfect for Hyperpigmentation Reduction?
A NASA study in the year 2000 determined that LEDs were as effective as lasers at producing healthy results. That drove the price down and created a market for red light therapy at home.
Although it’s not yet a standard treatment for wrinkles, red light therapy has good scientific evidence for its use. You will learn more about the science supporting red light therapy use for wrinkles below in this article.
Red light therapy is a cosmetic procedure. It can be performed by a skincare professional, but devices are available for at-home use.
You can use a laser for red light therapy, but it is a different configuration than a regular laser. A normal laser is very high-powered. When used in red light therapy, the laser is much weaker.
Laser therapy is the high-energy delivery of light, whereas red light therapy is the low-energy delivery of light. This is why light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are ideal for red light therapy, as they are naturally low-energy light delivery systems.
Red light therapy has one side effect when it comes to skincare. It can actually create the pigmentation in some people. This is why you should get a device that allows you to turn off infrared. This side effect only happens with infrared light, and therefore you should use green, yellow, and red light if this happens to you.
Radiofrequency Therapy for Wrinkle Reduction
Radiofrequency (RF) uses radio waves to heat up the skin’s tissue. The immune system perceives the heat as a wound and so stimulates collagen production to repair the treated area.
Collagen protein gives skin its firmness, and that helps reduces lines and folds.
The radio frequency device passes energy to the skin and underlying tissue.
RF is painless for most people and requires no downtime. The effects of RF treatment can last anywhere from six months to two years.
The effectiveness of RF for wrinkles varies from person to person. Some people may see significant improvement in their skin’s appearance, while others may see minimal results.
Radiofrequency side effects include redness, swelling, and mild discomfort.
In rare cases, side effects include burns and scarring.
Botox Injections for Wrinkle Reduction
Botox is a neurotoxin that is injected into the muscles responsible for creating wrinkles on the face.
It works by paralyzing these muscles and preventing them from contracting, which reduces the appearance of wrinkles.
Botox treatments involve injecting a small amount of botulinum toxin into specific facial muscles to temporarily relax them and reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
Potential side effects of Botox injections include pain, discomfort, swelling, bruising, and temporary drooping of the eyelid or eyebrow.
In rare cases, more serious side effects such as difficulty breathing or swallowing may occur.
Dermal Fillers for Wrinkle Reduction
Dermal fillers involve injecting a substance into the skin to add volume and reduce the appearance of wrinkles, lines, and other signs of aging.
There are several types of dermal fillers. Most are made from collagen or hyaluronic acid.
When injected into the skin, dermal fillers can add volume and smooth out wrinkles. The overall effect is to give the skin a more youthful and refreshed appearance.
The effects of dermal fillers typically last between six and 18 months, depending on the type of filler used and the location of the injection.
Potential side effects of dermal fillers include bruising, swelling, redness, and tenderness at the injection site.
In rare cases, more serious side effects such as infection, allergic reaction, or damage to nearby tissues may occur.
Laser Resurfacing for Wrinkle Reduction
Laser resurfacing for wrinkles uses a laser to remove the top layer of skin. The laser heats and vaporizes the skin, which the body perceives as a wound.
The damage stimulates collagen production to repair the treated area. The collagen reduces the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and other skin imperfections.
Laser treatments like this can last years, depending on the patient’s lifestyle, age, and environmental factors.
Patients might experience mild redness, swelling, or discomfort after the procedure, but these side effects usually subside within a few days.
More serious side effects, such as infection, scarring, or changes in skin pigmentation, are rare but can occur.
Chemical Peels for Wrinkle Reduction
Chemical peels for wrinkles use a chemical solution to remove the outer layer of dead skin cells. The chemical solution causes the outer layer of skin cells to peel off.
The immune system responds to the wound with collagen production. The effect is to reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and other skin imperfections.
The strength and type of chemical solution used can vary depending on the individual’s skin type and the severity of their wrinkles or skin imperfections.
Superficial peels use milder solutions and are often referred to as “lunchtime peels” because they have little to no downtime. Medium and deep peels use stronger solutions and can have longer downtime and require more extensive aftercare.
Common side effects of chemical peels can include redness, sensitivity, swelling, and peeling or flaking of the skin. These side effects are usually temporary and subside within a few days to a week, depending on the strength of the peel.
The effects of chemical peels can last for several months to a year, depending on the individual and the strength of the peel. Multiple treatments may be required to achieve the desired results.
Electroacupuncture for Wrinkle Reduction
Electroacupuncture combines traditional acupuncture techniques with low-level electrical stimulation.
The procedure involves the insertion of very fine needles into the skin at specific acupuncture points. The clinician applies a small electrical current to the needles after insertion.
The electrical stimulation is thought to help increase blood flow and stimulate collagen production, which can help reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
The effectiveness of electroacupuncture for wrinkles can vary from person to person. Some people may see significant improvement in their skin’s texture and appearance, while others may see more modest results.
Electroacupuncture treatment for wrinkles can last for several months.
Electroacupuncture side effects include bruising, bleeding, and risk of infection.
Microdermabrasion for Wrinkle Reduction
Microdermabrasion for wrinkles uses a device fitted with crystals to exfoliate and remove the outer layer of dead skin. The immune system responds to the wound with new collagen production. This reduces the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and other skin imperfections.
The device actually sprays the tiny crystals onto the skin. They gently abrade the skin, which removes the outer layer of cells.
The device also uses suction to remove the crystals and dead skin cells.
Microdermabrasion is a relatively quick and painless procedure. There is no downtime or recovery period.
Some patients may experience mild redness, sensitivity, or swelling after the procedure, which usually subsides within a few hours to a day.
The effects of microdermabrasion are temporary and typically last for a few weeks to a month, depending on the individual and the severity of their wrinkles or skin imperfections. Multiple treatments may be required to achieve the desired results.
Retinoids for Wrinkle Reduction
Retinoids are a type of vitamin A that can be applied topically to the skin to reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
Retinoids stimulate collagen production that improves skin texture and reduces lines and wrinkles.
They work by stimulating the production of collagen, which can improve skin texture and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
It can take several months to see significant improvements in skin texture and reduction of wrinkles with retinoid therapy. Once the desired results are achieved, it is recommended to continue using the retinoid product to maintain the effects.
Some people may be able to decrease the frequency of application over time, while others may need to use retinoids on a daily basis to maintain the results
Retinoid therapy can cause discomfort, especially at the beginning of the treatment. Typical side effects include dryness, redness, flaking, stinging, burning, peeling, and sensitivity to light.
Facial Exercises for Wrinkle Reduction
Facial exercises involve the repetitive movement of facial muscles in order to strengthen them and reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
While there is some anecdotal evidence to support the effectiveness of facial exercises, there is limited scientific evidence to suggest that they are a reliable treatment for wrinkle reduction.
Facial exercises have few side effects and can be performed at home, although they may require a significant time commitment to achieve results.
How Red Light Therapy Compares to Radiofrequency and Electroacupuncture
A 2017 study showed that while red light therapy can significantly decrease wrinkles, it’s not always the most effective choice.
If you are choosing between a radiofrequency, electroacupuncture, or red light therapy wrinkle treatment, these results might steer you to radiofrequency.
If you are looking for wrinkle therapy with no side effects, then you would stay with red light therapy.
Researchers treated 30 women aged 30-55 with radiofrequency, electroacupuncture, or red light therapy.
The women received two 15-minute sessions daily for six weeks.
All three treatments had positive effects on skin tone, pigmentation, and moisture.
For wrinkles under the eye, the radiofrequency device performed best with a 25.8% and a 37.9% reduction in under-eye wrinkles.
Electroacupuncture performed with a 27.2% and a 21.2% under eye reduction.
Red light therapy reduced under-eye wrinkles by 21.5% and 20.4%.
For wrinkles at the eye rim, the three devices each had a winner.
The radiofrequency reduced eye rim wrinkles by 16.67 and 13.9%.
Electroacupuncture produced a reduction of 20.3% and 13.8%
The red light therapy group averaged an eye rim wrinkle reduction of 13.1% and 14.2%.
These results show that red light therapy might not be as effective as radiofrequency at reducing wrinkles. But again, red light therapy had no side effects.
Science of How Red Light Therapy Reduces Wrinkles
Red light therapy supports fibroblasts, elastin, and collagen fibers.
Fibroblasts support healthy tissue.
Elastin provides skin support, and collagen provides skin structure.
Red light therapy promotes cell turnover and fresh healthy tissue which has the effect of filling in and erasing wrinkles and lines.
Nitty Gritty Science of Red Light Therapy for Wrinkles
Red and infrared can cause increases in TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and mRNA levels of IL-LSS, TNF-alpha, IICAM-1, and Cx43; and a decrease in IL-6.
Taken out of context, these responses look pathological but are homeostatic in practice. Proteins self-regulate in the presence of red and infrared light.
Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix is a complex network of proteins and other molecules that provide structural support to cells and tissues.
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
Matrix Metalloproteinases are enzymes involved in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. MMPs cleave collagen, elastin, laminin, and fibronectin. MMPs are involved in tissue remodeling, wound healing, angiogenesis, and cancer.
TIMP Metallopeptidase Inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1[iv] and TIMP-2[v])
TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 are proteins that regulate some MMP activity. TIMPs bind to MMPs and prevent them from breaking down the extracellular matrix. An increase in TIMP is support for tissue integrity. TIMPs also promote cell proliferation and block apoptosis.
Interleukin-Induced Lanosterol Synthase (IL-lss[vi])
IL-lss is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of cholesterol. IL-lss is induced by interleukin-4 and 13. Its role in inflammation is context-dependent.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-a)
TNF-a is a protein cytokine involved in chronic inflammation. Reducing TNF-a is anti-inflammatory.
Intracellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM-1[vii])
ICAM-1 protein is a major regulator of inflammation and is upregulated in chronic inflammation.
Connexin 43 (CX43[viii])
CX43 allows cell-to-cell communication and is a contributor to communication that causes cell death. CX43 behaves pathologically in disease states
Interluken-6 (IL-6)
IL-6 is a protein cytokine responsible for activating some immune responses. Dysregulated IL-6 is common in many disease states.
[i] Koblenzer CS. Psychologic aspects of aging and the skin. Clin Dermatol. 1996 Mar-Apr;14(2):171-7. doi: 10.1016/0738-081x(95)00152-6. PMID: 9117984.[ii] Nam CH, Park BC, Kim MH, Choi EH, Hong SP. The Efficacy and Safety of 660 nm and 411 to 777 nm Light-Emitting Devices for Treating Wrinkles. Dermatol Surg. 2017 Mar;43(3):371-380. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000981. PMID: 28195844.
[iii] Mota LR, Duarte IDS, Galache TR, Pretti KMDS, Neto OC, Motta LJ, Horliana ACRT, Silva DFTD, Pavani C. Photobiomodulation Reduces Periocular Wrinkle Volume by 30%: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2023 Feb;41(2):48-56. doi: 10.1089/photob.2022.0114. PMID: 36780572.
[iv] TIMP1 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 [ Homosapiens (human) ], Gene ID: 7076, updated on 4-Apr-2023, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved April 18, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7076
[v] TIMP2 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2 [ Homosapiens (human) ], Gene ID: 7077, updated on 29-Mar-2023, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved April 18, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7077
[vi] LSS lanosterol synthase [ Homosapiens (human) ], Gene ID: 4047, updated on 29-Mar-2023, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved April 18, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=4047
[vii] Bui TM, Wiesolek HL, Sumagin R. ICAM-1: A master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation, injury resolution, and tumorigenesis. J Leukoc Biol. 2020 Sep;108(3):787-799. doi: 10.1002/JLB.2MR0220-549R. Epub 2020 Mar 17. PMID: 32182390; PMCID: PMC7977775.
[viii] Christos E. Chadjichristos, Panagiotis Kavvadas, Jean-Claude Dussaule, Ahmed Abed, Christos Chatziantoniou, Chapter 73 – Reversibility of Renal Fibrosis, Editor(s): Giuseppe Orlando, Giuseppe Remuzzi, David F. Williams, Kidney Transplantation, Bioengineering and Regeneration, Academic Press, 2017, Pages 1013-1023, ISBN 9780128017340, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801734-0.00073-4. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128017340000734)
[1] Koblenzer CS. Psychologic aspects of aging and the skin. Clin Dermatol. 1996 Mar-Apr;14(2):171-7. doi: 10.1016/0738-081x(95)00152-6. PMID: 9117984.
[1] Nam CH, Park BC, Kim MH, Choi EH, Hong SP. The Efficacy and Safety of 660 nm and 411 to 777 nm Light-Emitting Devices for Treating Wrinkles. Dermatol Surg. 2017 Mar;43(3):371-380. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000981. PMID: 28195844.
[1] Mota LR, Duarte IDS, Galache TR, Pretti KMDS, Neto OC, Motta LJ, Horliana ACRT, Silva DFTD, Pavani C. Photobiomodulation Reduces Periocular Wrinkle Volume by 30%: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2023 Feb;41(2):48-56. doi: 10.1089/photob.2022.0114. PMID: 36780572.
[1] TIMP1 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 [ Homosapiens (human) ], Gene ID: 7076, updated on 4-Apr-2023, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved April 18, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7076
[1] TIMP2 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2 [ Homosapiens (human) ], Gene ID: 7077, updated on 29-Mar-2023, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved April 18, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7077
[1] LSS lanosterol synthase [ Homosapiens (human) ], Gene ID: 4047, updated on 29-Mar-2023, National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved April 18, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=4047
[1] Bui TM, Wiesolek HL, Sumagin R. ICAM-1: A master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation, injury resolution, and tumorigenesis. J Leukoc Biol. 2020 Sep;108(3):787-799. doi: 10.1002/JLB.2MR0220-549R. Epub 2020 Mar 17. PMID: 32182390; PMCID: PMC7977775.
[1] Christos E. Chadjichristos, Panagiotis Kavvadas, Jean-Claude Dussaule, Ahmed Abed, Christos Chatziantoniou, Chapter 73 – Reversibility of Renal Fibrosis, Editor(s): Giuseppe Orlando, Giuseppe Remuzzi, David F. Williams, Kidney Transplantation, Bioengineering and Regeneration, Academic Press, 2017, Pages 1013-1023, ISBN 9780128017340, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801734-0.00073-4. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128017340000734)
